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[إيليا]

برامج الواقع في التلفزيون
Reality television
Reality television is a genre of television programming which presents purportedly unscripted dramatic or humorous situations, documents actual events, and features ordinary people instead of professional actors. Although the genre has existed in some form or another since the early years of television, the term "reality television" is most commonly used to describe programs produced since 2000. Documentaries and nonfictional programming such as the news and sports shows are usually not classified as reality shows.

Reality television covers a wide range of programming formats, from game or quiz shows which resemble the frantic, often demeaning shows produced in Japan in the 1980s and 1990s (a modern example is Gaki no tsukai), to surveillance- or voyeurism-focused productions such as Big Brother.

Critics say that the term "reality television" is somewhat of a misnomer. Such shows frequently portray a modified and highly influenced form of reality, with participants put in exotic locations or abnormal situations, sometimes coached to act in certain ways by off-screen handlers, and with events on screen sometimes manipulated through editing and other post-production techniques.

Precedents for television that portrayed people in unscripted situations began in the 1940s. Debuting in 1948, Allen Funt's Candid Camera, (based on his previous 1947 radio show, Candid Microphone), broadcast unsuspecting ordinary people reacting to pranks. It has been called the "granddaddy of the reality TV genre." [1] Debuting in the 1950s, game shows Beat the Clock and Truth or Consequences, involved contestants in wacky competitions, stunts, and practical jokes. In 1948, talent search shows Ted Mack's Original Amateur Hour and Arthur Godfrey's Talent Scouts featured amateur competitors and audience voting. The Miss America Pageant, first broadcast in 1954, was a competition where the winner achieved status as a national celebrity.[2]

The radio series Nightwatch (1954-1955), which tape-recorded the daily activities of Culver City, California police officers, also helped pave the way for reality television.

First broadcast in the United Kingdom in 1964, the Granada Television series Seven Up!, broadcast interviews with a dozen ordinary seven-year olds from a broad cross section of society and inquired about their reactions to everyday life. Every seven years, a film documented the life of the same individuals in the intervening years, titled Seven Plus Seven, 21 Up, etc. The series was structured simply as a series of interviews with no element of plot. However, it did convey the individuals' character development over time.

The first reality show in the modern sense was the 12-part 1973 PBS series An American Family, which showed a nuclear family going through a divorce. In 1974 a counterpart program, The Family, was made in the UK, following the working class Wilkins family of Reading. In 1992, Australia saw Sylvania Waters, about the nouveau riche Baker-Donaher family of Sydney. All three shows attracted their share of controversy.

Some talk shows, most notably The Jerry Springer Show, which debuted in 1991, try to present real-life drama within the talk show format by hosting guests likely to conflict on the set
Reality television as it is currently understood, though, can be traced directly to several television shows that began in the late 1980s and 1990s. COPS, which first aired in the spring of 1989, showed police officers on duty apprehending criminals; it introduced the camcorder look and cinéma vérité feel of much of later reality television. Nummer 28, which aired on Dutch television in 1991, originated the concept of putting strangers together in the same environment for an extended period of time and recording the drama that ensued. It also pioneered many of the stylistic conventions that have since become standard in reality television shows, including a heavy use of soundtrack music and the interspersing of events on screen with after-the-fact "confessionals" recorded by cast members, that serve as narration. One year later, the same concept was used by MTV in their new series The Real World; Nummer 28 creator Erik Latour has long claimed that The Real World was directly inspired by his show. Changing Rooms, a British TV show that began in 1996, showed couples redecorating each others' houses, and was the first reality show with a self-improvement or makeover theme. The Swedish TV show Expedition Robinson, created by TV producer Charlie Parsons, which first aired in 1997 (and was later produced in a large number of other countries as Survivor), added to the Nummer 28/Real World template the idea of competition and elimination, in which cast members/contestants battled against each other and were removed from the show until only one winner remained.

أدمان النت
Internet addiction disorder (IAD) is a theorized disorder originally made as a satirical hoax[1] by Ivan Goldberg, M.D., in 1995. It is compared to pathological gambling as diagnosed by the DSM-IV. Dr. Goldberg, along with Kimberly Young, Psy. D. are currently lobbying for the inclusion of IAD into the DSM-V, the next edition of the DSM, which would open the doors for insurance companies to pay out for Internet addiction counseling. However many others argue that IAD is not an actual disorder and should not be classified as a mental disorder in DSM-V.

In June 2007, the American Medical Association declined to recommend to the American Psychiatric Association that they include IAD as a formal diagnosis in the 2012 edition of the DSM.[2] Instead, their toned-down response recommended further research of "video game overuse."[3] Members of the American Society of Addiction Medicine opposed calling overuse of Internet and video games a true addiction.[4] Among the necessary research is a way to define "overuse" and a way to differentiate an "internet addiction" from obsession, self-medication for depression or other disorders, and compulsion.

A pattern of Internet use, leading to clinically significant impairment or distress as manifested by three (or more) of the following, occurring at any time in the same 12-month period:

Tolerance, as defined by either of the following:
A need for markedly increased amounts of time on Internet to achieve satisfaction.
Markedly diminished effect with continued use of the same amount of time on Internet.
Withdrawal, as manifested by either A or B below:
(A) the characteristic withdrawal syndrome, 1, 2 and 3 below
Cessation of (or reduction in) Internet use that has been heavy and prolonged.
Two (or more) of the following, developing within several days to a month after Criterion:
(a) psychomotor agitation
(b) anxiety
(c) obsessive thinking about what is happening on the Internet
(d) fantasies or dreams about the Internet
(e) voluntary or involuntary typing movements of the fingers
The symptoms in Criterion 2 cause distress or impairment in social, occupational or another important area of functioning
(B) Use of Internet or a similar on-line service is engaged in to relieve or avoid withdrawal symptoms.
Internet is accessed more often or for longer periods of time than was intended, causing the untreated addict to neglect responsibilities at work and the needs of the family at home.
There is a persistent desire or unsuccessful efforts to cut down or control Internet use.
A great deal of time is spent in activities related to Internet use (for example, buying Internet books, trying out new WWW browsers, researching Internet vendors, organizing files of downloaded materials).
Frequent talks about the Internet in daily life.
Important family, social, occupational, or recreational activities are given up or reduced in duration and/or frequency because of Internet use.
Internet use is continued despite knowledge of having a persistent or recurrent physical, family, social, occupational, or psychological problem that is likely to have been caused or exacerbated by Internet use (for example, sleep deprivation, marital difficulties, lateness for early morning appointments, neglect of occupational duties, or feelings of abandonment in significant others).
It should be noted however that these criteria were originally posted as a joke by Ivan Goldberg on www.psycom.net as a parody of the strict format of the DSM, Goldberg did not actually believe that IAD existed. Subsequent researchers such as Kimberly Young, Mark Griffiths and John Charlton have investigated the idea of IAD further and attempted to create more accurate diagnostic criteria for Internet Addiction Disorder

التأمين الطبي
Health insurance is a type of insurance whereby the insurer pays the medical costs of the insured if the insured becomes sick due to covered causes, or due to accidents. The insurer may be a private organization or a government agency. Market-based health care systems such as that in the United States rely primarily on private health insurance.
The concept of health insurance was proposed in 1694 by Hugh the Elder Chamberlen from the Peter Chamberlen family. In the late 19th century, early health insurance was actually disability insurance, in the sense that it covered only the cost of emergency care for injuries that could lead to a disability[citation needed]. This payment model continued until the start of the 20th century in some jurisdictions (like California), where all laws regulating health insurance actually referred to disability insurance.[1] Patients were expected to pay all other health care costs out of their own pockets, under what is known as the fee-for-service business model. During the middle to late 20th century, traditional disability insurance evolved into modern health insurance programs. Today, most comprehensive private health insurance programs cover the cost of routine, preventive, and emergency health care procedures, and also most prescription drugs, but this was not always the case

A Health insurance policy is an annually renewable contract between an insurance company and an individual. With health insurance claims, the individual policy-holder pays a deductible plus copayment (for instance, a hospital stay might require the first $1000 of fees to be paid by the policy-holder plus $100 per night stayed in hospital). Usually there is a maximum out-of-pocket payment for any single year, and there can be a lifetime maximum.

Prescription drug plans are a form of insurance offered through many employer benefit plans in the U.S., where the patient pays a copayment and the prescription drug insurance pays the rest.

Some health care providers will agree to bill the insurance company if patients are willing to sign an agreement that they will be responsible for the amount that the insurance company doesn't pay, as the insurance company pays according to "reasonable" or "customary" charges, which may be less than the provider's usual fee. The "reasonable" and "customary" charges can vary.

Health insurance companies also often have a network of providers who agree to accept the reasonable and customary fee and waive the remainder. It will generally cost the patient less to use an in-network provider.

[إيليا]

عجائب الدنيا السبعة
The 'Seven Wonders of the World' (or the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World) is a widely-known list of seven remarkable manmade constructions of classical antiquity. It was based on guide-books popular among Hellenic sight-seers and only includes works located around the Mediterranean rim. Later lists include those for the Medieval World and the Modern World

Seven Wonders lists about the Middle Ages are existing historical lists for which there is no unanimity of opinion about origin, content or name.[1] These historical lists go by names such as "Wonders of the Middle Ages" (implying no specific limitation to seven), "Seven Wonders of the Middle Ages", "Medieval Mind" and "Architectural Wonders of the Middle Ages". The lists are more properly seen as a continuing type or genre in the Seven Wonders tradition than a specific list.

It is unlikely the lists originated in the Middle Ages. Brewer's calls them "later list[s]"[2] suggesting the lists were created after the Middle Ages. This is supported because the word medieval was not even invented until the Enlightenment-era, and the concept of a "Middle Age" did not become popular until the 16th century. Further, the Romanticism movement glorified all things related to the Middle Ages, or more specifically anything pre-Enlightenment era, suggesting such lists would have found a popular audience in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Some items found on some of the lists are not technically from the Middle Ages (according to modern historical standards), but we know the lists were not created by modern medieval historians, so such standards did not apply.

Typically representative of the seven:[1][3][4][2]

Stonehenge
Colosseum
Catacombs of Kom el Shoqafa
Great Wall of China
Porcelain Tower of Nanjing
Hagia Sophia
Leaning Tower of Pisa
Other sites that have been mentioned include:

Taj Mahal[5]
Cairo Citadel[6]
Ely Cathedral[7]
Cluny Abbey[8]

In the tradition of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, many other lists of wonders have been proposed, including both human feats of engineering and wonders of Nature. However, these lists are rather informal, and there is no consensus on any particular list.


Modern wonders
******* Tunnel
CN Tower
Empire State Building
Golden Gate Bridge
Itaipu Dam
Delta Works
Panama Canal
Tourist travel wonders
Noted travel writer Howard Hillman has compiled lists of the top man-made[10] and natural[11] tourist travel wonders of the world:


Man-made travel wonders of the world
Great Pyramids of Giza
Great Wall of China
Taj Mahal
Machu Picchu
Bali
Angkor Wat
Forbidden City
Bagan Temples & Pagodas
Karnak Temple
Teotihuacán

Natural travel wonders of the world
Serengeti Migration
Galápagos Islands
Grand Canyon
Iguazu Falls
Amazon Rainforest
Ngorongoro Crater
Great Barrier Reef
Victoria Falls
Bora Bora
Cappadocia

Natural wonders
Similar to the other lists of wonders, there is no consensus on a list of seven natural wonders of the world, as there has been debate over how large the list should be. One of the many lists was compiled by CNN:[12]

Grand Canyon
Great Barrier Reef
Harbor of Rio de Janeiro
Mount Everest
Polar Aurora
Parícutin volcano
Victoria Falls

Underwater wonders
This list of underwater wonders is of unknown origin but has been repeated sufficiently often to acquire a degree of notability:[13] [14]

Palau
Belize Barrier Reef
Great Barrier Reef
Deep-Sea Vents
Galapagos Islands
Lake Baikal
Northern Red Sea

[إيليا]

My Favorite Movie
My favorite movie is....., can I get back to you on that?

It's not that I don't know what my favorite movie is. That would be silly. No, I'm sure I can come up with one. Let's see. It's probably a comedy, because I generally like comedies more. I made a life decision long ago that I was generally pro-comedy.

It might be Monty Python and the Holy Grail. I'm pretty sure I've seen that movie more than any other. Except possibly for the Rocky Horror Picture Show, but we don't need to get into that. I've seen Holy Grail hundreds of times, and I've worn out more than one videotape. But really, I've seen it so often that I don't have any need to see it again. So I don't see how it can be my favorite, really. I mean, yes, I've basically memorized it. But on the other hand, that means that I can just watch it in my head, and if it's a movie I never watch, is it my favorite?

As a side note, I don't go around quoting Monty Python everywhere I go. I used to, but I got over that, because I didn't want to be, you know, that guy. Actually, I still do a lot of Python quotes, but they're obscure ones and I try to make them unnoticeable. They're like a delightful surprise for people who have wasted as much of their lives as me.

So now I'm looking at my dvds, trying to decide which is my favorite. It might be Aliens. That's a great movie. Between it and Highlander, I've quoted my way through an awful lot of role-playing games. (That's right, ladies: Monty Python and role-playing games. I promise I'll get more highbrow tomorrow.)

Boy, this is hard. I don't understand how people do it. Some people can just rattle off their favorite food, color, and member of the Brady Bunch, but I don't seem to have ranked my tastes that way. I'm going to try to convince myself that means I'm complex and mysterious.

Oh! It could be His Girl Friday. Every time I watch it, I want to go find people and drag them over and start explaining how great this movie is. Sometimes I even go through with it, which doesn't always work. Apparently, not everybody appreciates great cinema. Or possibly they don't appreciate me nudging them in the ribs saying "Hah? Brilliant!" every few minutes. Either way, while it's worked a few times, introducing people to His Girl Friday has been more a tentative goal than an actual achievement.

I'm running through the rest of the alphabet, and there are a few good nominations. I have an irrational attachment to Kill and Kill Again, but I wouldn't say it was my "favorite." Maybe my "favorite martial arts movie set in South Africa." The Muppet Movie? Mmmmaybe. Popeye? Possibly, but it's right there on the shelf next to The Princess Bride, which is also a good choice.

Yaah, so I don't know. My favorite movie is probably His Girl Friday. Or maybe Help! which I've just noticed I don't even own. What's up with that?


Country Life versus City Life

Have you ever wondered how people live in ithe country versus how people live in the city? The country lifestyle and the city lifestyle have a lot of differences, so I saw them as work,. Let me tell about these The first difference is work. Both of them people usually work , but how they work different . To begin with, farmers work outside and harvest. Employee of the company work inside and work on machine. Second, the country has small markets and the city has big markets. The third way, is the people in country don't need more money. Everytime, they need to buy something , they can trade each other such as rice,potato.etc...But the people in the city make more money because they need more thing such as food, fish,etc... Some people argue that city life is better than country life. However, the authenticity of this statement is dubious. The interpretation of this statement maybe entirely biased depending on the individual. Not everyone suited to the city life and not everyone has the desire to reside permanently in the countryside. You may prefer to be better suited to one type of lifestyle than that of another. Even so, one cannot possibly make a general claim that city life is better than country life. It is really ones perspective whether city life is better than country life. Everyone has unique differences and requirements. Therefore, the better life would have to be the lifestyle that caters for ones necessities.


A dream that i had

yesterday i dreamt that i was in a big house with full of children and toys. i was very happy because the children were all around me and hugging me. Then, i told them to go to the back yard, so we can play with the sand. so, we went outside and we all happy playing with each other. then, suddenly the water sprinkler was on, and we all got wet. then, suddenly i felt something itching on my back. when i asked one of the children to see what's on my back, he replied that i have wings on my back!!
then, i found myself flying through the blue beautiful sky with the children too.

i woke up feeling great and weird at the same time because of my bizzare dream that i had.
معليش ترا الحلم من عقلي

[إيليا]

أحترام ألأديان
Should We Respect Religion? Does Religion Deserve Respect?

Religious Believers Demanding Respect:
An increasing source of conflict in the world today is centered around religious believers’ demands for respect. Muslims demand “respect” that would forbid criticism, satire, or mocking of their religion. Christians demand “respect” that would amount to something very similar. Nonbelievers are caught in a bind when it’s not clear what “respect” is supposed to entail and how it is supposed to be achieved. If respect is so important to believers, they need to be clear about what they want.
Respect vs. Tolerance:
Sometimes, a person who wants respect is simply asking for tolerance. The minimal definition of tolerance is a state where one has the power to punish, restrict, or make something difficult but consciously chooses not to. Thus I may tolerate the barking of a dog even if I have the ability to stop it. When it comes to non-violent, consensual behavior, religious believers’ demand for tolerance is usually reasonable and should be granted. It’s rare, though, that this is all that is desired.
Going Beyond Tolerance:
Respect and tolerance are not synonyms; tolerance is a very minimalist attitude whereas respect involves something more active and positive. You can think very negatively about something you tolerate, but there is something contradictory about thinking very negatively about the exact same thing you are also respecting. Thus, at the very least, respect requires that one have have positive thoughts, impressions, or emotions when it comes to the religion in question. This isn’t always reasonable.

Should Beliefs Be Respected?:
There seems to be a popular impression that beliefs deserve automatic respect, and therefore that religious beliefs should be respected. Why? Should we respect racism or Nazism? Of course not. Beliefs don’t merit automatic respect because some beliefs are immoral, evil, or just plain stupid. Beliefs may be able to earn a person’s respect, but it’s an abdication of moral and intellectual responsibility to automatically accord the same respect to all beliefs.
Should the Right to Believe be Respected?:
Just because a belief is immoral or stupid doesn’t mean that there is no right to believe it. Belief may be unwise or irrational, but a right to belief must cover such beliefs if it’s to have any meaning at all. Therefore, a person’s right to believe things and to hold their religious beliefs must be respected. Having a right to a belief, however, is not the same as having a right to not hear criticism of that belief. The right to criticize has the same basis as the right to believe.
Should Believers Be Respected?:
Although beliefs must earn respect and should not receive automatic respect, the same is not true of people. Every human being deserves some basic minimum of respect right from the beginning, regardless of what they believe. Their actions and beliefs may lead to greater respect over time, or they may strain your ability to maintain that minimum. A person is not the same as what that person believes; respect or lack thereof for one should not lead to the exact same for the other.
Respect vs. Deference:
The most significant problem with believers’ demands for respect for their religions and/or religious beliefs is that “respect” too often amounts to “deference.” Deferring to religion or religious beliefs means according them a privileged status — something understandable for believers, but not something which can be demanded from nonbelievers. Religious beliefs merit no more deference than any other claims and religions do not merit deference from nonbelievers.
How Religion Can and Should Be Respected:
The increasingly raucous demands from religious believers that their religions be accorded more “respect” in the public square and from non-adherents is a sign that something very serious is going on — but what, exactly? Believers apparently feel that they are being slighted and insulted in a significant manner, but is this true, or is it instead a case of mutual misunderstanding? It may be that both are occurring at various times, but we won’t get to the root of the problem without being clear about our terminology — and this means that religious believers must make it clear what sort of “respect” they are asking for.
In many instances, we’ll find that religious believers are not asking for something appropriate — they are asking for deference, positive thoughts, and privileges for themselves, their beliefs, and their religions. Rarely, if ever, are such things justified. In other instances, we may find that they aren’t being accorded the basic tolerance and respect which they deserve as human beings, and they are justified in speaking out.

Respecting religion, religious beliefs, and religious believers does not and cannot include treating them with kid gloves. If believers want respect, then they must be treated as adults who are responsible and culpable for what they assert — for better and for worse. This means that their claims should be treated seriously with substantive responses and critiques, if criticism is warranted. If believers are willing to present their position in a rational, coherent manner, then they deserve a rational and coherent response — including critical responses. If they are unwilling or unable to present their views in a rational and coherent manner, then they should anticipate being dismissed with little afterthought.

[إيليا]

Ramdan, the ninth month of the Islamic year, is a holy month of fasting ordained by
the Koran for all adult Muslims . According to the Koran, the fast of Ramadan has been
instituted so that believers will become more pieous. This particular month was designated
because it was the month during which Muhammad received the first of the Koran's
revelations.
The fast during Ramadan begins each day at dawn and ends immediately at sunset. During the
fast Muslims are forbidden to eat, drink, or smoke. Before going to sleep each night, special
congregational prayers are offered in which long passages of the Koran are read. The night
between the 26th and 27th days of Ramadan, the night of the first revaltion, is called the Night of
Determination, during which God determines the course of the world for the following year. The
day after the end of Ramadan is called the Fast-Breaking and is celebrated with special prayers
and festivities.




This marks the end of Ramadan, the month of fasting, and is a festival of great celebration. In Islamic countries it is a public holiday. The first Eid was celebrated in 624 CE by the Prophet Mohammed (pbuh) with his friends and relatives.

Muslims are not only celebrating the end of fasting, but thanking Allah for the help and strength that he gave them throughout the previous month to help them practice self-control.

The festival begins when the first sight of the new moon is seen in the sky.

Muslims in most countries rely on news of an official sighting, rather than looking at the sky themselves.

Eid ul Fitr is very much a community festival and people go out into the streets to exchange greetings, and visit friends and relatives.

The celebratory atmosphere is increased by everyone wearing best or new clothes, and decorating their homes. There are special services out of doors and in Mosques, processions through the streets, and of course, a special celebratory meal?eaten during daytime, the first daytime meal Muslims will have had in a month.

Eid is also a time of forgiveness, and making amends.

Eid ul Adha (10 Dhul-Hijja)
The Festival of sacrifice which marks the end of the Hajj or holy pilgrimage, which is one of the 5 pillars of Islam, however it is celebrated by all Muslims, not just those who are on the pilgrimage.

The festival remembers the prophet Ibrahim?s willingness to sacrifice his son when God ordered him to. God appeared in a dream to Ibrahim and told

[إيليا]

أخطاء الأطباء
Causes of Medical Mistakes
When a medical mistake happens to a patient, the question is always why did it happen. In many cases, the issue is not one of negligence by a doctor or other medical practitioner, but rather a systemic issue. On the other hand, there are many cases of malpractice brought against medical practitioners, alleging various levels of failings. In any case, let us attempt to categorized some of the possible causes of medical mistakes or errors.

Fundamental difficulties in medical care: Providing health care is a difficult undertaking and it is inevitable for some level of mistakes to occur.

Inherent difficulty in balancing the need to double-check to avoid diagnosis errors with the need to avoid over-testing.
Inherent impossibility of doctors, and even specialists, of staying up-to-date for every condition they face in their work.
Inherent impossibility of doctors to give totally accurate medical care when only a brief time is available for appointments for each patient.
General medical industry system problems: The medical industry overall contributes to higher than necessary rates of medical mistakes. Although some errors are unavoidable, the industry could do much better.

Under-funded medical care
Inefficiency leading to poorly used funds
Over-busy doctors and other medical staff
Over-tired doctors from excessive time schedules
Slow adoption of new technologies
Failure to report medical errors for fear of lawsuits, making errors hard to monitor and correct.
Unnecessary medical tests to double and triple-check, from fear of lawsuits
Individual doctor mistakes: Your doctor can obviously make a mistake in various ways.

Simple human mistakes: everyone makes them, even the best doctors.
Doctors who are drunk or on illicit drugs
Poor handwriting: can lead to errors in filling prescriptions or wrong hospital medications or tests.
Poor dosage instructions: difficult to read numbers, such as zeroes and decimal points, can lead to wrong dosages.
Patient mistakes: The patient can contribute to an error occurring in their health care. Patients should view achieving good medical care as something over which they have partial control.

Failure to report symptoms: some patients do not tell the doctor about all their symptoms for various reasons (embarrassment, thinking it will be irrelevant, the doctor didn't specifically ask about it, etc.).
Delay in reporting symptoms: this is a very common human tendency, a form of denial that something is wrong.
Failure to report other medications they are on, either prescription or over-the-counter medications.
Failure to report other alternative medicines they are taking
Non-compliance with treatment plan or medications: over-looked medications, financial troubles, laziness, etc.
Dishonesty of patients: certain hypochondriac and factitious syndromes, desire to obtain restricted drugs, malingering, insurance fraud, getting time off work, etc.
Fear of legal issues: e.g. failure to admit to taking illicit drugs
Fear of social issues: e.g. failure to admit to lifestyle or social habits.
Fear of doctor's scolding: e.g. failure to admit to not following treatments.
Patient pressure: the tendency to push the doctor for certain treatments, such as antibiotics, sleeping pills, or behavioral drugs, even when they may not be in the best interests of health. This creates a conflict between the doctor's desire to give correct medical care and keeping the patient happy.
Failure to read medication labels and instructions fully
Pharmacist mistakes: The dispensing of medications at the pharmacy can be the source of various mistakes.

Wrong medication dispensed
Similarly labeled or packaged medications wrongly given.
Similarly named medications confused (by doctor or pharmacist)
Wrong dosage dispensed
Failure to communicate instructions on taking medication
Pathology laboratory mistakes: The various laboratory tests used for diagnosis (and sometimes treatment planning) can have several types of errors:

Errors in labeling samples: mix-ups in patient samples
Cross-contamination during testing
Inherent known risks in various tests (false positives, false negatives)
Limitations of certain tests for certain patients
Human error in examinating visual slides (e.g. cell biopsy, Pap smears)
Pharmaceutical industry mistakes: The drug industry has contributed to certain medical mistakes such as:

Naming similarities in medication brand names
Inadequate safety testing of some drugs leading to drug withdrawal
Hospital mistakes: The hospital is a large institution that can make numerous types of mistakes.

Nosocomial infections: these are infections that are caught during a hospital stay, either from the environment or from surgery or other treatments.
Surgical mistakes
Errors in transferring and re-labeling medicines into smaller containers
Medication errors: wrong medication, wrong dosage, etc.
Surgical mistakes: Any type of surgical procedure has various risks and there are certain errors that can occur.

Wrong patient surgery
Wrong site surgery: e.g. surgery on the wrong organ.
Failure to suspend other medications before/during/after surgery: e.g. deaths from lactic acidosis due to Metformin usage in surgical recovery.

[إيليا]

المشاهير وهوس المعجبون
Celebrity Worship Syndrome is a newly identified psychological condition. A CWS sufferer is a person that is obsessed with a person in the public eye i.e. a celebrity. The condition is sometimes referred to as "Celebrity Obsession Syndrome" or "Mad Icon Disease

Objects of affection
Psychologists have indicated that though many people obsess over glamorous film, television, sport and popstars, others have unlikely icons such as politicians or authors. The only common factor between them is that they are all figures in the public eye i.e. celebrities.


[ Causes of CWS
Social psychologists agree that the reasons are complex. [1] However, some reasons recur.


[ Relationships
Researchers believe that in a media-orientated society, celebrities have taken the place of neighbors, relatives, friends and family for many people. They feel that the respect for family members has been replaced by worship of the famous, as this is the new method of associating with success. In modern cultures, there is less emphasis on the value of experience, but instead knowing the 'secret' of success, and celebrities are seen to hold this, since they often come from mediocrity.


[Clinical component
Researchers also indicate that there is a clear clinical component to behavioral patterns associated with CWS.


[ Darwinian evolution
Research indicate that evolution played a role in CWS.


[ Fan bases
Psychologists feel that fan bases resemble religious cults and can be a cause of CWS, because:

They often organize conventions and recruit new followers.
Fans pursue an interest in one celebrity and denigrate other stars.
Obsession resembles religious worship.
They make sure they watch all appearances made by their celebrity.
They try to collect items touched by their superstar.

[ Three types of CWS
Psychologists in the U.S.A. and UK. created a celebrity worship scale to rate the problems. U.S.A. psychologists Lynn McCutcheon, Rense Lange, and James Houran, (2002) (1)introduced the Celebrity Attitude Scale, a 34 item scales administered to 262 persons living in central Florida. McCutcheon et al (2002) suggested that celebrity worship comprised one dimension in which lower scores on the scale involved individualistic behavior such as watching, listening to, reading and learning about celebrities whilst the higher levels of worship are characterized by empathy, over-identification, and obsession with the celebrity.

However, later research among larger U.K. samples have suggested there are 3 different aspects to celebrity worship; Maltby, and the aforementioned psychologists(2) examined the Celebrity Attitude Scale among 1732 United Kingdom respondents (781 males, 942 females) who were aged between 14 and 62 years and found the following 3 dimensions to celebrity worship:


[Entertainment-social
This dimension comprises attitudes that fans are attracted to a favorite celebrity because of their perceived ability to entertain and become a social focus such as “I love to talk with others who admire my favorite celebrity” and “I like watching and hearing about my favorite celebrity when I am with a large group of people”.


[] Intense-personal
The intense-personal aspect of celebrity worship reflects intensive and compulsive feelings about the celebrity, akin to the obsessional tendencies of fans often referred to in the literature; for example “I share with my favorite celebrity a special bond that cannot be described in words” and “When something bad happens to my favorite celebrity I feel like it happened to me’”.


[ Borderline-pathological
This dimension is typified by uncontrollable behaviors and fantasies regarding scenarios involving their celebrities, such as “I have frequent thoughts about my favorite celebrity, even when I don’t want to” and “my favorite celebrity would immediately come to my rescue if I needed help

[إيليا]

الأخلاق
In sociology, manners are the unenforced standards of conduct which show the actor to be cultured, polite, and refined. They are like laws in that they codify or set a standard for human behavior, but they are unlike laws in that there is no formal system for punishing transgressions. They are a kind of norm. What is considered "mannerly" is highly susceptible to change with time, geographical location, social stratum, occasion, and other factors. That manners matter is evidenced by the fact that large books have been written on the subject, advice columns frequently deal with questions of mannerly behavior, and that schools have existed for the sole purpose of teaching manners. A lady is a term frequently used for a woman who follows proper manners; the term gentleman is used as a male counterpart; though these terms are also often used for members of a particular social class.


[edit] Purpose of manners
Manners ease the stress of communal living, and mannerly behavior recognizes the right of others to share communal space. Many of our daily expressions of politeness reflect this function. Saying "excuse me," for example, shows that you recognize that you have invaded another's space, and regret the necessity of doing so. It is a basic tenet in law that it is wrongful to cause damages to another (see norm). Since there cannot be a law for every slight, daily causing of damage to another, manners serve to at least acknowledge, if not make recompense, for the damage. Needless to say, the teaching of good manners should start early in life and show the value of respect and consideration for all parties.


[edit] Miss Manners
One thinker, Judith Martin, (aka Miss Manners -- see Further Reading below) regrets that in recent times the idea that one should be "assertive" has gained currency, holding that being assertive is simply another name for "the Impulse Rude," which is to be resisted at all times. She prefers "the withering look, the insistent and repeated request, the cold voice, the report up the chain of command, and the tilted nose." She also rejects the idea that manners is all about making people comfortable, "as if etiquette weren't magnificently capable of being used to make others feel uncomfortable, all in the name of preserving peace in the public arena. Manners are used in life for good people so that other people know that you were raised correctly and that you are civilized."

“ Manners are very important in life. Good ones that is. You can get attention if you use proper etiquette. Politeness is what most guests look for. If your parents raise you correctly, you will probably have fair manners.